2025 EBS 수능특강 6강

Gateway

다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
The arrival of the Industrial Age changed the relationship among time, labor, and capital. Factories could produce around the clock, and they could do so with greater speed and volume than ever before. A machine that runs twelve hours a day will produce more widgets than one that runs for only eight hours per day — and a machine that runs twenty-four hours per day will produce the most widgets of all. As such, at many factories, the workday is divided into eight-hour shifts, so that there will always be people on hand to keep the widget machines humming. Industrialization raised the potential value of every single work hour — the more hours you worked, the more widgets you produced, and the more money you made — and thus wages became tied to effort and production. Labor, previously guided by harvest cycles, became clock-oriented, and society started to reorganize around new principles of productivity.
 widget: 제품
① shift in the work-time paradigm brought about by industrialization
② effects of standardizing production procedures on labor markets
③ influence of industrialization on the machine-human relationship
④ efficient ways to increase the value of time in the Industrial Age
⑤ problems that excessive work hours have caused for laborers

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①
소재     산업화가 시간, 노동, 자본 간의 관계에 미친 영향
해석     산업 시대의 도래는 시간, 노동, 자본 간의 관계를 변화시 켰다. 공장은 24시간 내내 생산할 수 있었고, 이전 어느 때보다 더 빠른 속도와 더 많은 양으로 그렇게 할 수 있었다. 하루 12시 간 가동되는 기계는 하루 8시간만 가동되는 기계보다 더 많은 제 품을 생산할 것이고, 하루 24시간 가동되는 기계는 모든 기계 중 가장 많은 제품을 생산할 것이다. 따라서 많은 공장에서 작업일은 8시간 근무 교대로 나누어져서, 제품 (생산) 기계가 쉬지 않고 돌 아가도록 언제나 쉽게 이용할 수 있는 사람들이 있을 것이다. 산 업화는 매 작업 시간의 잠재적 가치를 높였는데, 더 많은 시간을 일할수록, 더 많은 제품을 생산했고, 더 많은 돈을 벌었으며, 이로 써 임금은 노력과 생산량에 연계되었다. 이전에는 수확 주기를 따 르던 노동이 시계 중심이 되었고, 사회는 생산성의 새 원칙을 중 심으로 재편되기 시작했다.

 Structure in Focus
■ A machine [that runs twelve hours a day] will produce more widgets than one [that runs for only eight hours per day] — and a machine [that runs twenty-four hours per day] will produce the most widgets of all. 첫 번째 [  ]는 A machine을 수식하는 관계절이다. one은 a machine을 대신하고, 두 번째와 세 번째 [  ]는 각각 one과 a machine을 수식하는 관계절이다.
■ Labor, [previously guided by harvest cycles], became clock-oriented, and society started to reorganize around new principles of productivity.
[  ]는 첫 번째 절의 주어인 Labor를 부가적으로 설명하는 분 사구이다.

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01

다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은? 
In marketing research, consumers commonly participate in interviews, focus groups, or the like, during which they indicate their desires, preferences, or in marketing terms, their wants. Some methods also try to detect the consumers’ (subconscious) emotions, however with varying rates of success. Such behavioural methods, where humans watch how fellow humans react when, e.g., exposed to a certain brand or product, manually coding and categorizing their emotions, are labour intensive, and consequently are rarely applied or applied in small sample sizes. Human-inspired AI makes such methods possible on large scale, and even delivering instantaneous results will be possible. For example, via facial recognition in a supermarket, one might detect shoppers’ emotions facing a shelf displaying the products of a new product launch. Collecting a vast amount of data from all supermarkets participating in the respective launch nationwide would yield quite solid results.
 manually: 수동으로, 손으로
① common applications of AI technology in business management
② methods for designing products that consider the user’s emotions
③ importance of understanding consumer reactions to specific brands
④ types of conventional consumer-focused marketing research methods
⑤ benefits of AI in detecting consumer emotion in response to products

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⑤
소재     소비자 행동 연구에서 AI의 활용
해석 마케팅 연구에서 소비자는 일반적으로 인터뷰, 포커스 그룹 등에 참여하여, 그 과정에서 자신의 바람, 선호하는 것, 즉 마 케팅 용어로 자신의 욕구를 보여 준다. 일부 방법은 소비자의 (잠 재의식적인) 감정을 감지하려고 시도하기도 하지만, 성공률은 다 양하다. 그런 행동 방법은 인간이, 예컨대 다른 인간들이 특정한 브랜드나 제품을 접했을 때 어떻게 반응하는지를 관찰해서, 그들 의 감정을 수동으로 코딩하고 분류하는데, 노동 집약적이어서 거 의 적용되지 않거나, 표본 크기가 작은 경우에 적용된다. 인간에 게서 영감을 받은 AI는 그러한 방법을 대규모로 가능하게 하며, 심지어 즉각적인 결과를 내놓는 것도 가능할 것이다. 예를 들어, 슈퍼마켓에서 안면 인식을 통해 새로 출시된 상품이 진열된 선반 을 마주하는 쇼핑객의 감정을 감지할 수도 있을 것이다. 전국적으 로 각각의 (제품) 출시에 참여하는 모든 슈퍼마켓으로부터 방대한 양의 데이터를 수집하면 상당히 신뢰할 수 있는 결과를 가져올 것 이다.

 

 Solution Guide
마케팅 연구에서 소비자의 감정을 감지하는 것은 여러 가지 어려 움이 있으나, AI를 활용한 연구는 대규모의 데이터를 분석해서 즉각적으로 상당히 신뢰할 수 있는 결과를 보여 줄 수 있다는 내 용이므로, 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은 ⑤ ‘제품에 대한 소비자 감정을 감지하는 데 있어서의 AI의 이점’이다.
① 비즈니스 관리에서 AI 기술의 일반적인 적용
② 사용자의 감정을 고려하는 제품 설계 방법
③ 특정한 브랜드에 대한 소비자 반응 이해의 중요성
④ 기존 소비자 중심 마케팅 연구 방법의 유형
 Structure in Focus
■ Such behavioural methods, [where humans watch {how fellow humans react when, e.g., exposed to a certain brand or product}, manually coding and categorizing their emotions], are labour intensive, and consequently are rarely applied or applied in small sample sizes.
[  ]는 Such behavioural methods를 부가적으로 설명하는 관계절이다. 그 안의 {  }는 watch의 목적어 역할을 하는 명사 절이다.
■ [Collecting a vast amount of data from all supermarkets {participating in the respective launch nationwide}] would yield quite solid results.
[  ]는 문장의 주어 역할을 하는 동명사구이고, 그 안의 {  }는 all supermarkets를 수식하는 분사구이다.

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02

다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Deborah Harris and Patti Giuffre’s study of representations of chefs in US food media finds significant differences between how male and female chefs are portrayed. Great male chefs are repeatedly represented as dedicated, creative and highly trained professionals and often depicted as ‘iconoclastic’ rule breakers with a unique vision or style. In contrast, female professional chefs are often judged in terms of homestyle cooking which ‘devalues the training and skill required’ and, by representing their food as ‘amateur and homely’, links them to a domestic tradition rather than the professional standards which are crucial to recognition in the culinary field. In this way, the operations of the culinary field reproduce gender inequalities by valuing qualities associated with a masculine tradition more highly and excluding women from criteria used to classify ‘great chefs’. This limits a female chef’s ability to gain recognition and to accrue the economic, cultural and symbolic rewards that recognition generates.  
 iconoclastic: 인습 타파주의적인   culinary: 요리의   accrue: 챙기다
① appealing media portrayals of culinary excellence
② ways to overcome gender inequality in the culinary field
③ key differences between professional and homestyle cooking 
④ cultural impacts on how the media shapes culinary traditions
⑤ gender stereotypes underlying the media’s representations of chefs

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⑤

미디어의 성차별적 요리사 묘사 방식
해석     미국 음식 관련 미디어에서 요리사를 표현하는 방식에 관 한 Deborah Harris와 Patti Giuffre의 연구에 따르면, 남성 요 리사와 여성 요리사가 묘사되는 방식 사이에 상당한 차이가 있다. 훌륭한 남성 요리사는 헌신적이고 창의적이며 고도로 훈련된 전 문가로 반복적으로 표현되며, 흔히 독특한 비전이나 스타일을 가 진 ‘인습 타파주의적인’ 규칙 파괴자로 묘사된다. 반면에, 여성 전 문 요리사는 ‘필요한 훈련과 기술을 낮게 평가하고’, 그들의 음식 을 ‘아마추어적이고 가정적인’ 것으로 표현함으로써 요리 분야에 서 인정받는 데 매우 중요한 전문적인 기준보다는 그들을 가정의 전통과 연결하는 가정식 요리의 관점에서 흔히 평가받는다. 이런 식으로 요리 분야의 운영 방식은 남성적인 전통과 관련된 자질을 더 높게 평가하고 ‘훌륭한 요리사’를 분류하기 위해 사용되는 기준 으로부터 여성을 배제함으로써 성 불평등을 재생산한다. 이는 여 성 요리사가 인정받고 그 인정이 창출하는 경제적, 문화적, 상징 적 보상을 챙길 수 있는 능력을 제한한다.
 

Solution Guide
음식 관련 미디어에서 남성 요리사와 여성 요리사가 묘사되는 방 식 사이에 상당한 차이가 있고, 이런 차이가 남성 요리사와 여성 요리사 간 성 불평등을 재생산한다는 것이 글의 중심 내용이므로, 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은 ⑤ ‘요리사에 대한 미디어의 표현 의 근간이 되는 성별 고정 관념’이다.
① 요리의 우수성에 관한 매력적인 미디어 묘사 
② 요리 분야에서의 성 불평등 극복 방법
③ 전문 요리와 가정 요리의 주요 차이점 
④ 미디어가 요리 전통을 형성하는 방식에 끼친 문화적 영향
 Structure in Focus
■ In contrast, female professional chefs are often judged in terms of homestyle cooking [which {‘devalues the training and skill required’} and, {<by representing their food as ‘amateur and homely’>, links them to a domestic tradition rather than the professional standards <which are crucial to recognition in the culinary field>}].
[  ]는 homestyle cooking을 수식하는 관계절이고, 그 안 의 두 개의 {  }는 and로 연결되어 관계절의 술어 역할을 한 다. 두 번째 {  } 안의 첫 번째 <  >는 ‘~함으로써’라는 의미를 나타내는 전치사구이고, 두 번째 <  >는 the professional standards를 수식하는 관계절이다.
■ This limits a female chef’s ability [to gain recognition and to accrue the economic, cultural and symbolic rewards {that recognition generates}].
[  ]는 a female chef’s ability를 구체적으로 설명하는 to부정사구이고, 그 안의 {  }는 the economic, cultural and symbolic rewards를 수식하는 관계절이다.

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03

다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
It is sometimes argued that the spread of digital technology will serve to equalize opportunity for small companies as well as established media giants. Digitization and the growth of the Internet are indeed reducing many barriers to market entry and creating opportunities for smaller enterprises and firms offering skills in new forms of content creation (such as computer games). However, the digital environment favours strong and recognizable brands. In the words of one UK publishing executive, ‘brands make it easier for the customer to make choices as the world gets more complicated’. Without recognizable brands and worthwhile levels of consumer awareness, potential newcomers to the online universe may well find that the high initial costs involved in establishing an online presence (typically involving extensive campaigns on conventional media) represent an effective deterrent to market entry. Large and established media content providers with strong brands and access to valuable back catalogues of images, text and sound have several advantages when it comes to exploitation of the additional scale economies made possible by digitization. 
 deterrent: 방해물   exploitation: 활용
① potential unequal impact of digitization on businesses of different sizes
② the usefulness of traditional marketing strategies in online commerce
③ the role of attractive images in modern digital branding techniques
④ market expansion opportunities through a strategic partnerships 
⑤ potential risks that excessive reliance on digitization may pose

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①
소재     기업 규모에 따른 디지털화의 혜택 가능성
해석     디지털 기술의 확산이 확고히 자리 잡은 거대 미디어 기업 뿐만 아니라 소규모 기업에도 기회를 균등하게 제공하는 데 도움 이 될 것이라고 때때로 주장된다. 디지털화와 인터넷의 성장은 실 제로 많은 시장 진입 장벽을 낮추고 (컴퓨터 게임과 같은) 새로운 형태의 콘텐츠 제작에 있어 기술을 제공하는 소규모 기업과 회사 에 기회를 창출하고 있다. 하지만 디지털 환경은 강력하고 인지도 가 있는 브랜드를 선호한다. 영국의 한 출판업계 임원의 말에 따 르면, “세상이 더 복잡해지면서 브랜드는 고객이 더 쉽게 선택할 수 있게 해 준다.” 인지도가 있는 브랜드와 상당한 수준의 소비자 인식이 없다면, 온라인 영역에 처음 진입하는 잠재적 신규 업체는 (일반적으로 전통적인 미디어에 대한 광범위한 캠페인을 수반하 는) 온라인 입지를 구축하는 데 드는 높은 초기 비용이 시장 진입 의 실질적인 방해물에 해당한다는 것을 발견하게 될 것이다. 강력 한 브랜드와 이미지, 텍스트, 사운드의 귀중한 백 카탈로그에 대 한 접근성을 갖춘 거대하고 확고히 자리 잡은 미디어 콘텐츠 제공 업체는 디지털화로 가능해진 추가적인 규모의 경제를 활용하는 데 관한 한 여러 이점을 누린다.

 Culture Note
scale economy(규모의 경제)  투입  규모가  커질수록  장기  평균  비 용이 줄어드는, 즉 생산량을 증가시키면 평균 비용이 감소하는 현상이다. 규 모의 경제를 필요로 하는 이유는 대규모 설비의 경제성, 대량 구입에 따른 운임이나 원료비의 감축, 분업에 의한 생산 요소의 전문화 등을 들 수 있다.
 Solution Guide
디지털 환경은 소규모 기업에 기회를 균등하게 제공하기도 하지 만, 거대 미디어 기업과는 달리 강력한 브랜드와 소비자 인식이 없어 감당하기 힘든 높은 온라인 진출 비용에 직면한다는 내용의 글이므로, 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은 ① ‘디지털화가 다른 규 모의 기업에 미치는 잠재적인 불공평한 영향’이다.
② 온라인 상거래에서 전통적인 마케팅 전략의 유용성
③ 현대 디지털 브랜딩 기술에서 매력적인 이미지의 역할
④ 전략적 파트너십을 통한 시장 확대 기회
⑤ 디지털화에 대한 과도한 의존이 초래할 수 있는 잠재적 위험
 Structure in Focus
■ Digitization and the growth of the Internet are indeed [reducing many barriers to market entry] and [creating opportunities for smaller enterprises and firms {offering skills in new forms of content creation (such as computer games)}].
두 개의 [ ]는 and로 연결되어 are indeed에 이어져 문장의 술어를 이룬다. 두 번째 [ ] 안의 { }는 smaller enterprises and firms를 수식하는 분사구이다.
■ Without recognizable brands and worthwhile levels of consumer awareness, potential newcomers to the online universe may well find [that the high initial costs {involved in establishing an online presence (typically involving extensive campaigns on conventional media)} represent an effective deterrent to market entry].
[  ]는 find의 목적어 역할을 하는 명사절이고, 그 안의 {  }는 the high initial costs를 수식하는 분사구이다.

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04

다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은? 
People are confronted with the cognitive dissonance aroused by the thought that one has stereotypes of others that guide one’s social judgments, and the thought that one is a good, fair, and rational thinker. According to dissonance theory, one of these cognitions must change in order for dissonance to be eased. Which one changes? It is almost always the cognition that is most open to change, and in this case it is one’s cognitions about stereotyping. Rather than think that we use stereotypes to evaluate others, we simply do not allow ourselves to come to such a conclusion, and we instead convince ourselves that we are indeed a fair, logical thinker by making our social judgments after a considered assessment of the information about the target individual. In other words, we often either do not realize, or do not consciously acknowledge, that we do indeed stereotype others, or that our stereotype-derived impressions of them might be inaccurate. This self-delusion helps us maintain our stereotypes while reducing the possibility for cognitive dissonance related to our self-concept.
 dissonance: 부조화   self-delusion: 자기기만
① rationalizing stereotypes to maintain self-image
② suppressing stereotypes to make better social judgments
③ enhancing logical thinking by acknowledging stereotypes
④ increasing awareness of stereotypes through self-reflection
⑤ utilizing cognitive dissonance to manipulate social preferences

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①
소재     고정 관념과 인지 부조화
해석     사람들은 자신의 사회적 판단을 인도하는 타인에 대한 고 정 관념을 자신이 갖고 있다는 생각과 자신이 선하고 공정하며 합 리적으로 생각하는 사람이라는 생각으로 인해 야기되는 인지 부 조화에 직면한다. 부조화 이론에 따르면, 부조화가 완화되려면 이 러한 인지 중 하나가 바뀌어야 한다. 어떤 것이 바뀔까? 그것은 거의 항상 가장 바뀌기 쉬운 인지이며, 이 경우에 그것은 고정 관 념 형성에 대한 인지이다. 우리가 고정 관념을 사용해 다른 사람 들을 평가한다고 생각하기보다, 우리는 그런 결론에 도달하는 것 을 절대 허용하지 않으며, 대신 대상이 되는 개인에 대한 정보를 신중하게 평가한 후에 우리의 사회적 판단을 내림으로써 우리가 정말로 공정하고 논리적인 사고를 하는 사람이라고 스스로를 확 신시킨다. 다시 말해, 우리는 흔히 자신이 다른 사람에 대한 고정 관념을 실제로 형성하거나 고정 관념에서 비롯된 그들에 대한 인 상이 부정확할 수 있다는 것을 깨닫지 못하거나 의식적으로 인정 하지 않는다. 이러한 자기기만은 우리의 자아 개념과 관련된 인지 부조화의 가능성을 줄이면서 우리가 고정 관념을 유지하도록 돕 는다.

 

 Solution Guide
사람들은 타인에 대한 고정 관념과 자신이 공정하고 합리적으로 생각하는 사람이라는 생각 사이의 인지 부조화에 직면하며, 이 부 조화를 완화하기 위해 대부분은 고정 관념에 대한 인지를 변화시 키면서 자신이 공정하고 논리적인 사람이라고 확신한다는 내용이 므로, 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은 ① ‘자신에 대한 이미지를 유지하기 위해 고정 관념을 합리화하기’이다.
② 더 나은 사회적 판단을 내리기 위해 고정 관념 억제하기
③ 고정 관념을 인정함으로써 논리적 사고력 향상하기
④ 자기반성을 통한 고정 관념에 대한 인식 증대
⑤ 사회적 선호를 조작하기 위해 인지 부조화를 활용하기
 Structure in Focus
■ People are confronted with the cognitive dissonance aroused by the thought [that one has stereotypes of others {that guide one’s social judgments}], and the thought [that one is a good, fair, and rational thinker]. 두 개의 [  ]는 각각 the thought와 동격 관계이고, 첫 번째 [  ] 안의 {  }는 stereotypes of others를 수식하는 관계절이 다.
■ In other words, we often either [do not realize], or [do not consciously acknowledge], [that we do indeed stereotype others, or that our stereotype-derived impressions of them might be inaccurate].
첫 번째와 두 번째 [ ]는 ‘~ 또는 ⋯’이라는 의미의 「either ~ or ...」로 연결되어 있다. 세 번째 [ ]는 realize와 acknowledge 의 공통 목적어 역할을 하는 명사절이다.